More than 700,000 people die each year due to antimicrobial resistance, caused by misuse or prescription of antibiotics, which causes bacteria to adapt and become increasingly resistant to drugs.
According to the WHO, antibiotics are drugs used to prevent and treat bacterial infections and antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria mutate in response to the use of these drugs.
It is bacteria, not humans or animals, that become resistant to antibiotics. These drug-resistant bacteria can cause infections in humans and animals, and these infections are harder to treat than non-resistant bacteria.
Antibiotic resistance leads to higher medical costs, longer hospital stays and increased mortality.
Scope of the problem
Antibiotic resistance is increasing worldwide to dangerous levels. New resistance mechanisms are emerging and spreading across the globe every day, jeopardizing our ability to treat common infectious diseases. A growing number of infections, such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, sepsis, gonorrhoea and foodborne illnesses, are becoming more difficult – and sometimes impossible – to treat as antibiotics become less effective.
Where antibiotics are available over the counter for human or veterinary use, the emergence and spread of drug resistance is worsening. In countries lacking standardised treatment guidelines, healthcare and veterinary staff tend to overprescribe and the general public overuse antibiotics.
Without urgent action, the world is headed towards a post-antibiotic era in which many common infections and minor injuries will once again become life-threatening.
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Recent News
Although there are some new antibiotics in development, none of them are expected to be effective against the most dangerous forms of some resistant bacteria.
Given the ease and frequency with which people now move, antibiotic resistance is a global problem, requiring efforts from all nations and across a range of sectors.
Impact
When infections can no longer be treated with first-line antibiotics, more expensive drugs must be used.
The longer duration of illness and treatment, often in a hospital setting, increases healthcare costs and the economic burden on families and society.
Antibiotic resistance is putting the achievements of modern medicine at risk. Without effective antibiotics to prevent and treat infections, organ transplants, chemotherapy and surgical procedures will become more dangerous.
What can we do?
Although we know that bacterial resistance is a natural process and cannot be stopped, we can contain it. In Spain we have the National Plan against Antibiotic Resistance (PRAN), with two strategies: reducing the consumption of antibiotics and decreasing the need to use them in human and veterinary medicine. How? With these six guidelines that we tell you about below.
1. Do not self-medicate
You should never save leftover antibiotics. If a family member who had a throat infection was prescribed a certain drug and there was a lot left over, you should never save it and use it for possible infections that may occur in the future. It is almost certain that it will not be the right one for that person. It should not be forgotten that of the four million consultations a year in Spain for sore throat, 70% are due to viral causes, which usually heal on their own.
2. Prescribe the right medication
There are broad-spectrum antibiotics that will certainly kill a tonsil infection, but it may not be necessary to take them to kill the bacteria causing the infection. Using a broad-spectrum antibiotic to kill the bacteria causing tonsils only makes the bacteria resistant.
3. Check for bacterial infection
80% of the antibiotics we take are prescribed in Primary Care, and it is the doctor who is responsible for giving the correct diagnosis and confirming whether the infection is caused by a virus or a bacteria. This is essential, since antibiotics are not effective against viruses: they neither stop their growth nor kill them.
Hence the importance of subjecting patients to microbiological diagnostics. Ideally, cultures (a sample of the infected tissue) and an antibiogram (a laboratory test in which the bacteria taken from the sample is exposed to various antibiotics to see if it is sensitive or resistant to them) are always recommended. While waiting for the result (which is not immediate, it takes a few days), an empirical antibiotic is usually prescribed, that is, a probability treatment that is started without knowing the causative bacteria. Changing to one with a narrower spectrum, but effective, is essential to avoid resistance and, in the case of children, the elderly or immunosuppressed, especially important.
4. Complete the cycle dictated by the protocol
Often, someone with tonsils takes an antibiotic for two days, but when they feel better, they stop taking it. There hasn't been enough time to kill the bacteria, so they stay there, multiplying and generating more resistance. There has been a lot of talk about the ideal duration of antibiotic treatment, whether they should be shorter or not - some studies have shown that shorter cycles can be just as effective as longer ones in some infections - but the final say on the duration of the antibiotic rests with the doctor, who always has up-to-date clinical data to provide the patient with the appropriate information.
5. Avoid use in healthy animals
Humans are not the only ones who take antibiotics. Society must monitor and not consume foods that use antibiotics to stimulate growth or prevent disease in healthy animals. That is why the European Union has banned the use of antibiotics to promote animal growth since 2006. According to European legislation, only veterinarians can prescribe antibiotics to be administered to animals and establish the correct dosage and duration of treatment.
6. Hygiene and vaccination, key measures
Washing your hands with soap and water frequently and using alcohol-based hand sanitizer protects you from harmful bacteria. Healthy habits such as eating a healthy diet, handling food properly, disinfecting surfaces, and exercising also help reduce the risk of developing infections. On the other hand, although we know that antibiotics do not treat viruses, it is possible that a viral infection, such as the flu, may end up being complicated by secondary bacterial infections that do require antibiotics, such as pneumonia. Getting vaccinated against the flu or chickenpox, which is also a viral disease that can lead to bacterial skin infections or pneumonia, will help reduce the use of these drugs.
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WHO response
The fight against antibiotic resistance is a high priority for WHO . In May 2015, the World Health Assembly adopted a global action plan on antimicrobial resistance, including antibiotic resistance. Its aim is to ensure that infectious diseases can continue to be prevented and treated with effective and safe drugs.
At the United Nations General Assembly in September 2016, Heads of State committed to addressing in a comprehensive and coordinated manner the root causes of AMR across different sectors, including human health, animal health and agriculture . WHO is supporting Member States in developing national action plans on AMR based on the global action plan.
https://www.salud.mapfre.es/enfermedades/reportajes-enfermedades/buen-uso-de-los-antibioticos/
https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/resistencia-a-los-antibi%C3%B3ticos
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https://www.msf.es/noticia/mal-uso-los-antibioticos-amenaza-la-salud-publica-global-y-podria-conviertese-una
https://kidshealth.org/es/parents/antibiotic-overuse.html
https://www.lavanguardia.com/vida/salud/20220215/8057512/abusamos-antibioticos.html
https://www.consumer.es/salud/antibioticos-estrategias-frenar-abuso.html
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